This article presents an analysis of the sociodemographic and family factors related to the use of psychoactive substances in adolescents in the tenth year of a public school in the Canton of Montes de Oca. The approach was quantitative, descriptive, and the dependent variable was made up of use of psychoactive substances and independent variables by sociodemographic and family characteristics. The sample consisted of 154 students out of a population of 210. A self-administered questionnaire was applied. The main results are that the risk is increased in adolescents who are offered drugs, there is presence and sale of the same in the neighborhood where they reside, inadequate family relationships and consumption in the family. The environment and the family become the main conditioning factors for the population group studied to increase their chances of consuming a psychoactive substance.