Perspectives on addiction-related problems in Vietnam

The article provides an overview of key substance use and addictive behaviors in Vietnam, alongside the development of addiction science, drawing from a synthesis of literature and the authors' perspectives. Over the last two decades, the primary illicit drug of concern has shifted from heroin to methamphetamine and other psychoactive substances. Tobacco use has declined but remains widespread while alcohol consumption is high compared with other countries in the region with common binge drinking. Studies on behavioral addictions in Vietnam are limited. While the impacts of opioid addiction are well documented, reports on the societal impacts of methamphetamine use remain scarce. Public discourse has often framed substance use negatively, fueling stigmatization and supporting abstinence-oriented policies. Vietnam's drug policy reflects a tension between abstinence-focused and harm reduction approaches. The nationwide expansion of methadone treatment is a significant achievement. However, the country's responses to the new epidemic of methamphetamine and other psychoactive substances are still evolving. International cooperation has continued to play an important role in advancing research and surveillance as well as adapting evidence-based interventions. There are promising signs that Vietnam will strengthen public awareness and expand workforce training and policy innovation to address the issue of substance use in the population.