Public perceptions of heroin use: the influence of smoking, marital, and employment status on stigma toward people who use substances

This study explored public stigma toward people who use heroin in Jordan, where cultural and religious beliefs often frame substance use as a moral failing. A nationwide online survey of over 900 adults found high levels of stigma, including fears of social rejection, job loss, and legal consequences for people who use heroin. Stigmatising attitudes were stronger among non-smokers, married individuals, and retired participants, while no differences were found by sex. The findings highlight how social norms shape stigma in Jordan and point to the need for culturally sensitive public health approaches to reduce stigma and improve access to treatment and recovery services.