Background:

The COVID 19 pandemic globally has had a devastating negative impact especially in low income countries like Uganda who have fragile health system and can’t manage many cases. Governments declared lockdown and everything stood at stand still for over 75 days. Children and their families depending on small informal business closed, capital eaten up and didn’t know what to happen next.

Our entire 9 Drop in centers/safe spaces were closed and over 2000 slum youth and poor children scattered and a few went home. We received distress calls from some our young people we serve daily in our drop in centers that life had become unbearable, there was a lot of hunger, and some violence was inflicted on children. It is estimated that another 3 million Ugandans are expected to fall into abject poverty as a result increasing the number to 23 million people.

Children trying to cope in the pandemic were far worse off and some taken play by the exploiters in the name of giving food (exchange for sex). There was a spike and increase of sexual exploitation and abuse of children in the informal settlement and slums. Gladly we requested for support from University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) through Dr. Mary Jane Rotheram and OAK Foundation, who responded positively to this emergency to assist and help over 1500 children in Kampala city who were scattered in the city. UYDEL received USD $ 25,000 from OAK Foundation towards support for procurement and distribution of food relief and other basic necessities to young people to contribute to their welfare and also prevent infections of COVID 19 in the communities.

UYDEL Response: With support from our donors, we have put together hygiene basket composed of wash stands with buckets, soap and Dettol, with informational brochures that were distributed through our networks and with our partners in urban communities, and in support of local government leadership. We are mobilizing and supporting youth in our networks who know how to sew to make artisanal face masks that can be made available to the wider community on sale at reasonable cost.

UYDEL also tapped into the COVID 19 response fund under the EASY U25 Project to provide funds worth 96,726,000/= to cater for Foods and emergency support for vulnerable slum youth and their families under the project, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and support to Slum youth and UYDEL Staff while at the drop-in centers and Secretariat and Provide Foods and emergency support for vulnerable slum youth and their families under the project.

In these few weeks we have seen families living in extreme poverty being hit even harder by the crisis as prices for basic food items and supplies skyrocket.  We are lobbying our networks for support and once this is realised then we plan to provide these families with additional cash subsidies to help keep food on the table. For homeless people and children this is worse. The UYDEL communication and M&E team has worked on critical messages to share as the risk for violence and exploitation of women and children - especially girls – increases significantly in times of crisis. These messages will be shared on community radio, on Whatsapp networks, by text messaging and other ways UYDEL usually communicate.

Conclusion: This has so far been a successful activity since many young people have benefitted from the relief items. We still have some leftover food to reach some more young people. However, many numbers of youths are still unreached and they need food now since the lock down has been extended for another 21 days. Many will not start immediately any enterprises to improve their survival and coping.  We anticipate many parents will not be able to support their children in the immediate future and many children are likely to be enticed into sexual exploitation, homelessness ness.

The way forward goals are to reach 1,300 (900 girls and 400 males) at UYDEL training centers and 9 city youth drop in centers. Vulnerable poor hit by pandemic as a short term measure to reduce trauma, dependency, sexual exploitation, trafficking, and violence and encourage recovery and also to build resilience and social capital for full recovery and reduce trauma and sexual exploitation.

UGANDA YOUTH DEVELOPMENT LINK

Alcohol Harm Prevention Project

Radio Talk Show Report

Discussion Topic: Situation analysis of Alcohol abuse among young during the COVID 19 lock down

Station: Tiger FM 102.5 frequency  located in Nansana Municipality

Date:11th June 2020; 9:00AM to 10:00AM         

Guests: Mr. Mutaawe Rogers; Senior Programme Manager & Mr. Lubega Andrew; Project Officer

Objectives:

• To discuss the situation of alcohol abuse among young people during the COVID 19 lock down
• To share experiences about the effects of risky behaviours among youths in Uganda.
• To offer solutions to address the challenges of alcohol use that affect youths.
• To share the way forward towards supporting the youths during this “new normal” in Uganda

Background information

This is a morning flagship programme conducted in the local language Luganda on Tiger FM. The radio set aside every Thursday to discuss key salient issues that concern health of people in the community hence the topic of the day.

Summary of the proceedings

Way forward

Mr. Mutaawe concluded by thanking the host for inviting him to share his experiences with young people and also teaching the youths values of self-reliance and survival to address the unemployment problem. He thanked the station for the opportunity and urged the management to always create time for developmental programs. He urged the young people to stay resilient and calm as the Nation grapples with the lock down.

On the other hand, Mr. Lubega urged the youths to avoid alcohol use and abuse by being in presence of good peer groups, applying life skills, and engage in productive ventures. He noted that UYDEL will continue working closely with Nansana Municipality to develop alcohol bylaws to regulate alcohol sale and consumption. He called upon the business owners to always consider public health and safety as they sale alcohol. They should not sale to minors.

UGANDA YOUTH DEVELOPMENT LINK

PRESS RELEASE
RE: Alcohol and COVID-19; Two pandemics colliding 

Introduction:
 In Uganda we have seen a spike and unprecedented levels of drinking leading to increase in domestic violence and addiction levels. Some men are spending more time drinking and hence diverting money meant for food to buying alcohol.
Facts about alcohol in relation to COVID 19
a) Consuming high-strength alcohol does not kill the COVID-19 virus. If adulterated with methanol, can result in severe health consequences, including death.
b) Alcohol is not a food stuff
c) Alcohol is not an essential commodity
Alcohol use is related to COVID 19 in the following ways;
1. There are high chances that some bars and pubs may be operating illegally as they currently yearn for customers to buy alcohol despite the fact that they have been prohibited by government not to operate. This is recipe for the spread of the COVID 19 because there is a likelihood of close contact with patrons without observing social distancing.
2. There have been reported cases of domestic violence which is partly attributable to drunk husbands beating their wives during this crisis situation.
3. Drinking alcohol weakens the immune system and increases the risk of adverse health outcomes which makes it difficult for the body to fight infections like COVID 19.
4. Drinking alcohol affects one’s ability to make sensible choices or decisions to protect oneself from COVID 19.
5. Increased alcohol use among the community members as they try to deal with unemployment, stress, and loneliness during the lock down.

There are other ways to deal with stress without drinking alcohol.
Restricting Alcohol Access during the COVID-19 pandemic
The Uganda Government has issued a variety of “stay at home” orders, nearly all of which ban on-premise food or alcohol consumption and the subsequent closure of bars and restaurants to patrons. These unforeseen and new challenges have led to new approaches to alcohol sales in many areas, including alcohol delivery through food service apps.

 We have seen social media platforms that are promoting online adverts from one of the big alcohol industries in Uganda encouraging the population living in Kampala and Wakiso to visit a website and place an order which would be delivered to the respective patron in line with government movement directives. We condemn these acts in the strongest terms possible.

The Alcohol Industry should not reap from the people especially at this time when people should spend wisely the little they have since the economy is slow now. This is a time to promote healthy behavioural changes; people should stay home sober with their families to avoid likely consequences of alcohol use.
The general population should be reminded to observe the following;

a) Parents/guardians should be role models to their children and young people by making sure they do not have access to alcohol. Parents should talk to them about why drinking affects
 behaviours that can expose you more to the virus.
b) People should stay calm without alcohol. Fear and anxiety are common during the
pandemic. Alcohol only makes them worse. Do not drink alcohol to cope with your
emotions.
c) People should be resilient without alcohol. Drinking alcohol during home isolation increases
the risk of violence and injury.
We therefore appeal to;
1. Government to regulate and impose a complete ban on the distribution, transportation and sale of any liquor and alcohol in any form during this 21-day COVID 19 lock down. Many young people and men are resorting to drinking liquor in homes and urban centers in big groups which compromises social distancing. This is a factor that needs urgent and timely attention.
2. Government should institute another taskforce to support affected communities by providing psychosocial support, and counselling services to cope, adjust and adapt with the current situation.
3. Media programmes need to focus on building and communicating hope, adaptation to the current situation, recovery and successful outcomes post COVID 19 lock down. Less time should be allocated to issues of hopelessness, unemployment, stress and trauma.
4. The COVID 19 prevention messages should be complemented by communicating with the public about the risks of alcohol consumption, and maintaining and strengthening alcohol and drug rehabilitation services.
Signed,
Rogers Kasirye
Executive Director
For further details you may visit www.uydel.org
  

We invite you to register for this free webinar-based training course on Motivational Interviewing (MI). The three week long series is presented by Igor Koutsenok, MD, MS, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry.

Motivational Interviewing is an essential, client-centered, counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. We are absolutely thrilled to bring you this skills-building opportunity presented by a recognized expert in the field of MI.

The course consists of four sessions to be held during June 2020 (see course descriptions and session dates below).

We highly encourage registration for all sessions.

Course Description

This is a training in evidence-based clinical methods of motivational interviewing (MI). After orientation to the underlying spirit and principles of MI, practical exercises will help participants to strengthen empathy skills, recognize and elicit change talk, and roll with resistance. Research evidence will be reviewed for the efficacy of MI and for the importance of building therapeutic relationships in clients’ outcomes. Integration of MI with other treatment modalities will be considered.     

Course Objectives

The goal is to provide knowledge and practical skill training for various practitioners on effective ways to enhance motivation of patients with substance use disorders that require significant behavioral changes to initiate and sustain positive and healthy behavioral choices. Skill building, and experiential training will be emphasized throughout the course by exercises to develop a therapeutic alliance with patients, assess patient needs, level of engagement in treatment process, structure treatment sessions, select appropriate interventions, and assist patient in maintaining motivation for a sustainable behavioral change.

Participants will learn the basic and advanced skills in motivational interviewing and strategies for engaging patients in collaborative relationship in treatment process and assist them in achieving sustainable positive behavioral changes. The course will:

1. Help participants to acquire a systemic perspective of motivational interviewing and other motivational enhancement strategies;
2. Build necessary clinical skills and attitudes to implement new strategies in working with ambivalent patients.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of the course, every participant will be able to:

1. Describe all the aspects of the spirit of MI
2. Explain the differences between MI and other counselling strategies
3. Demonstrate the ability to respond to clients with reflective listening statements
4. Identify change talk within client speech
5. Generate open questions designed to elicit change talk
6. Generate MI-consistent responses to client resistant statements
7. Differentiate commitment language from other forms of change talk
8. Provide and empathetic summary statements collecting change talk

Course Content, Dates & Registration

Session 1: Thursday June 4th 2020

Motivational Interviewing: Basic Understanding

After orientation to the underlying spirit and principles of MI, practical exercises will help participants to strengthen empathy skills, recognize and elicit change talk, and roll with resistance. Research evidence will be reviewed for the efficacy of MI and for the importance of building a therapeutic relationship in clients’ outcomes. Integration of MI with other treatment modalities will be considered.  

Learning outcomes:

• Introduction: Motivation and behavioral change in addiction medicine
• Review of the concepts of Ambivalence, Stages of change, the righting reflex, limits of persuasion.
• Spirit of MI
• Expressing empathy
• Roadblocks to communication
• Four Processes in MI

Time: 9am Pacific / 12pm Eastern / 5pm London

Duration: 1 hour

Webinar Recording 

Slide Deck

Session 2: Thursday June 11th 2020

Fundamental Skills in MI - OARS

This session will focus on Fundamental Skills in MI (OARS), providing practical exercises to help participants to strengthen empathy skills, recognize and elicit change talk, and roll with resistance. Participants will learn strategies for engaging patients in a collaborative relationship in the treatment process and assist them in achieving sustainable positive behavioral changes. Research evidence will be reviewed for the efficacy of MI and for the importance of building a therapeutic relationship in clients’ outcomes. Integration of MI with other treatment modalities will be considered.    

Learning outcomes:

• Open and closed ended questions
• Affirmations
• Summaries
• Rowing with OARS

Time: 9am Pacific / 12pm Eastern / 5pm London

Duration: 1 hour

Webinar recording

Session 3: Thursday June 18th 2020

Fundamental Skills in MI Continued

This third session will continue to focus on MI fundamentals, with a focus on more advanced skills and the integration of MI with other strategies and treatment modalities. Research evidence will be reviewed for the efficacy of MI and for the importance of building therapeutic relationship in clients’ outcomes.       

Learning outcomes:

• Recognition and responding to change talk and sustain talk
• Forming reflections
• Levels of reflections
• Recognizing readiness
• Initial and intermediate planning
• Integration with other skills and strategies

Time: 9am Pacific / 12pm Eastern / 5pm London

Duration: 1 hour

Webinar recording 

Session 4: Friday June 19th 2020

The fourth and final session will continue to build on MI Fundamentals covered in Session 3, increasing your knowledge of advanced MI skills.

Time: 9am Pacific / 12pm Eastern / 5pm London

Duration: 1 hour

Webinar recording 

We look forward to you joining us for these virtual sessions! Please contact info [at] issup [dot] net if you have any questions.

About Professor Koutsenok

Dr. Igor Koutsenok is а Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California San Diego, Director of the Center for Addiction Research, Training and Application, Director of the SAMHSA PEPFAR International Addiction Technology Transfer Center-Ukraine, and a co-director of the SAMHSA PEPFAR South East Asia Addiction Technology Transfer Center. He is also a Vice-President of the International Consortium of Universities on Drug Demand Reduction.

In 1983 he graduated as a medical doctor from the National Medical University in Kiev, (Ukraine). In 1986, he completed his psychiatry residency training and received degree as psychiatrist from the Medical University in Sofia (Bulgaria). In 1993-1996 he received a degree in addiction psychiatry at the University of London, Department of Addictive Behavior and Psychological Medicine at St. Georges Hospital Medical School. In 1996, he was recruited by the University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and since then he serves as faculty member of the Department. In 2013-2016 he served as Chief of Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Office in Vienna.

Over the last 25 years Dr. Koutsenok led the design and implementation of multiple training and technical assistance programs for mental health and addiction treatment practitioners, primary health care and social work practitioners, criminal justice professionals in the United States and around the world. He is also directing the UCSD Summer Clinical Institute - the second longest running Summer Institute in the United States (over 40 years). Dr. Koutsenok is also a member of the International Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT). 

For many years, Dr. Koutsenok taught general and addiction psychiatry to medical students, psychiatry residents, psychology trainees, social workers, criminal justice professionals, and policy makers around the world. He is a recipient of numerous national and international awards. He has authored and co-authored over 50 scientific publications, one monograph, and contributed to 4 book. Dr. Koutsenok has been invited as a presenter and trainer to hundreds of conferences and workshops in the USA and more than 40 countries around the world. He is a proud father of three.

The Smart Club Contract Concept: An Evidence-Based Primary Prevention Method for Children in East Africa

by Lubega Andrew (UYDEL)

The Contract Concept is a means or tools for children and adolescents to lead better lives with Human Rights, better school attendance and results and growing up without the burden of alcohol/drugs and other substances.

SMART’s contract method is locally based and includes components such as

• individual contracts with participating children / adolescents
• guardian's written approval
• temporary membership
• voluntarily to be a member (or abstain) and the right to exit
• the right to come back (even after any exclusion)
• consequence in breach of contract
• positive reinforcement, encouraging the good choices (benefits)

Everyone (in the target group) is equally welcome, regardless of creed, race, and gender.

The goal is to support children and adolescents to gain control of their lives s, assist them in making better and informed smart choices, demanding for their fundamental Human, Gender Rights.

By introducing a Smart Club Concept we empower kids to never to start drinking/smoking/sniffing solvents or even trying narcotics but. Instead they can engage in fun or educative activities, make new friends and become aware of their Rights. They start demanding equal rights, democratic decisions. Some change from truants, who seldom go to school, to become interested in education, understand that it’s up to them how their grown-up lives will be. We work for making them change attitudes and show ambitions hence contributing to sustainable goal 3 and 4.

The concept was introduced by Smart International’s Slim Liden and the first Smart Club in Uganda –was established at Makerere COU Primary School by Uganda Youth Development Link followed by subsequent clubs in Kiteezi center for learning and disability by My self-Uganda  and one Children And Youth Empowerment Link in Kanyanya.

The contract concept is also being implemented in Kenya by Mr. George Ochieng under the Slum child Foundation and in West Africa.

The Church of Uganda has instituted a programme that will help young people to protect themselves from alcoholism and drug abuse. The programme Drug Free Schools was launched by the outgoing Arch Bishop , the Most Rev. Stanley Ntagali, at Mengo  Senior School on Saturday the 15th of February 2020. Speaking to students, teachers and partners that graced the function, Ntagali said that drug abuse among young people in schools was on rise, which was why the Church had decided to act against the vice.

The Coordinator of the Church of Uganda ‘Drug –Free Schools’ Programme, Ezra Tumuhirwe, said the initiative is expected to cover 500 secondary schools by 2026.

The KCCA acting Director of Public Health and Environment, Dr. Daniel Ayen Okello, asked young people to seek the guidance of their parents, teachers and religious leaders when they got problems, instead of turning to drugs. Dr. Okello told the youth that nobody should make them feel lesser than they are and reminded them that they were created in God’s image.

The Principal regulatory officer of medicines at the National Drug Authority (NDA), Brian Sekayombya, said the authority would continue to work with schools and other stakeholders to eliminate alcoholism and drug abuse. Other participants in this event included; Church of Uganda province Secretariat, the Rev. Paul Kakooza and Dr. Nazarius Tumwesigye from Makerere University College of Health Sciences.

The function which was graced by a number of dignitaries and the event kicked off with a solidarity march by students and teachers of Gayaza High School, Mengo Senior School, King’s College Buddo, Nsangi S.S, Mwereerwe S.S, Wampeewo Ntakke, Entebbe S.S and Kira S.S.

The students were also given an opportunity to presented poems, music and drama items on alcoholism and drug abuse during this event as well.

THE WORLD FEDERATION AGAINST DRUGS’ REGIONAL FORUM TO BE HELD ON 6th FEBRUARY, 2020

The World Federation Against Drugs (WFAD) is holding this year’s first Regional Forum in the East African Region. The Forum will be taking place on the 6th of February, 2019 in Kampala Uganda and it will be hosted by Uganda Youth Development Link (UYDEL). WFAD has over 40 member organizations in the East-African Region, who all do fantastic work within prevention, drug addiction treatment and/or recovery and this is why the forum was hosted in East Africa. The World Federation Against Drugs is a multilateral Community of non-governmental organizations and individuals who share a common concern that illicit drug use is threatening the existence of stable childhood, families, communities and government organizations throughout the World. The World Federation Against Drugs hosts Regional Forums across the globe each year. The aim of the Regional Forums is to gather member organizations and other Civil Society organizations working in different regions to share best practices and strengthen capacity in networking and advocacy work.

The forum will address the drug issue from a wide perspective, including the drug situation in East Africa, and Asian experiences of drug demand reduction. The program will also highlight the convention on the Rights of the Child, Gender and drug abuse among young women, Promoting prevention, treatment and recovery though a drug free workplace, engaging with policy makers and African Union, and best practices in treatment and rehabilitation. With an aim to deepen cooperation between and within civil society in the region, to exchange best practices and enhance capacity in engaging with policy makers on regional and global level. 

AFRICAN NATIONAL CHAPTERS DIGITAL MEETING

The Zoom meeting was hosted by Jeff Lee who invited the African National Chapters to be part of the meeting. The meeting was held on Tue Jan 14, 2020 2pm – 3pm (EAT). Uganda National Chapter was represented by Uganda Youth Development Link (UYDEL) i.e. Mr. Rogers Mutaawe, Mr. Andrew Lubega and Ms. Barbara Nakijoba.

Issues discussed included;

1. Review of minutes from last meeting and the future process
2. Updates on African Regional NC Activity (please provide a brief input on your activity or any issues, questions you may have on your operation as a National Chapter)
3. Activity Reports and Work plans 2020
4. The Vienna NGO Committee
5. Regional Event update
6. Membership and Website
7. Date of next meeting

Action Points:

• Jeff encouraged NC to keep update of reports for purposes of monitoring and reporting
• Scheduling a meeting for ISSUP National Chapters with support from African Union
• Going forward, French to be added to ISSUP languages
• Webinar on 20th Feb, 2020. Interested parties should register at the ISSUP Global Website
• Another Zoom meeting to be scheduled for Early March

A preparatory meeting was held on 29th November 2019 at UYDEL office and they discussed about recruitment of members, updating of Uganda ISSUP website, the work plan for 2020, Launch of the ISSUP Chapter in April 2020 and future plans. The meeting also agreed to hold an initial meeting with identified members on 12th of December 2019 to get more input from members on the best way to run the ISSUP Chapter.

Compiled by Andrew Lubega

Psychoactive substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) continue to be major problems around the world, taking a toll on global health and on social and economic functioning. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports that, in 2015, about 250 million people between ages 15 and 64 used illicit substances at least once. Of those who use psychoactive substances, a significant number will develop substance use problems or SUDs. The 2015 UNODC survey found that about 29.5 million substance users suffer from SUDs, which means their use is harmful to the point they may experience dependence and require treatment. SUDs contribute significantly to global illness, disability, and death. So, the prevention of substance use and other social problems is a goal that can significantly improve the health and well-being of people around the world. In addition, the World Bank has pointed out that several low-cost interventions can have large-scale effects not only on population health but also on productivity. Thus, prevention can make a difference to the economic welfare of countries especially those in the developing world.

Many approaches, which have been popular e.g., “scare tactics” campaigns, information-only educational approaches, and former users’ testimonials have been found to be ineffective in rigorous research. But research has also found that there are effective interventions and strategies that recognize when, how, and with whom to intervene to make progress in addressing substance use.

Prevention does more than just prevent substance use. Its aim is to promote the healthy and safe development of children and youth to realize their potential and become contributing members of their community and society. The Universal Prevention Curriculum for Substance Use series, is designed to train prevention professionals, working in a range of settings to reach all populations, on research-based strategies developed to strengthen families, schools, community organizations, and other institutions.

The Implementers series includes the CORE course and 7 specialty tracks. This introduction to the Universal Prevention Curriculum series for Implementers is designed to give participants a grounding in the knowledge and skills needed to undertake evidence-based prevention programming at the community level. The CORE is an introduction to the basic processes that underlie addiction and the brain, the basic pharmacology of the psychoactive substances, and the preventive mechanisms that have been found to be effective in more than 30 years of prevention science. Participants in the Implementer series are required to take this course first so they are ready to focus on the subsequent specialty tracks that address the primary settings where prevention practice takes place in communities. These include the family, school, workplace, and community-wide efforts involving environment-based policy, media, community systems, and monitoring and evaluation.

The Colombo Drug Advisory Programme (DAP) organized a training for Prevention Implementers in the CORE Course in May of 2019. DAP then followed up with another training on the Specialty Track 3 of School-Based Prevention Interventions and Policies in September, 2019. Track 3: School-Based Prevention Interventions and Policies is part of the eight-track Interventions.

This training was delivered over 10 days and participants were taken through the following courses:

Course 1 – Role of Schools in Prevention

Course 2 – Building Teams for Comprehensive School Prevention

Course 3 – Creating Substance Use Prevention Policies in Schools (Practicum 1)

Course 4 – Creating a School Prevention Climate

Course 5 – Selecting Evidence-based School Prevention Curricula

Course 6 – Action Planning to Create a Comprehensive Substance Use

Prevention Initiative (Practicum 2)

Course 7 – Positive Classroom Climate (Practicum 3)

Course 8 – Interactive Teaching Skills

Training goals included:

• Presenting overview of the science underlying school-based prevention interventions and policies and demonstrate the importance of schools for implementing prevention
• Presenting the three components of school-based prevention: School policy; positive school climate; and substance use prevention curricula for the classroom
• Describe evidence-based approaches to strengthen school policies, improve school climate, and intervene directly with classroom prevention interventions
• Provide effective planning approaches for administrators and teachers on how to implement evidence-based prevention in the school;
• Provide specific skills for teachers primarily on classroom-focused

DRUG FREE AND ADDICTION PREVENTION SCHOOLS CLUB

• The school plays an important role in preparing children and youth to become fully contributing members of their families, workplaces, communities, and their society asstudents spend most of their time at school than in homes.  Early use of psychoactive substances increases a young person’s chances of more serious substance abuse and addiction.
• The school environment influences how children and youth perceive the acceptability and benefits of, as well as the harms associated with substance use.
• The Drug Free and Addiction Prevention School Club was launched at Namirembe Diocese School and education institutions in November. The club shall help to shape attitudes towards responsible behavior in particular towards substance use, teach appropriate pro-social roles and behaviors and reinforce the positive behaviors that children learn at home and in the community and also ensure   demand reduction among students.

Compiled by: Barbara Nakijoba